Indian Scientists Spot Rare Superluminous Supernova Shining With Borrowed Energy Source

Indian scientists have spotted an extremely bright, hydrogen deficient, fast-evolving supernova that shines with the energy borrowed from an exotic type of neutron star with an ultra-powerful magnetic field.

Such type of supernovae called SuperLuminous Supernova (SLSNe) are very rare and deep study of such ancient spatial objects can help probe the mysteries of the early universe, the Ministry of Sciene and Technology said in a statement.

Supernovae are highly energetic explosions in the universe releasing an enormous amount of energy.

The SLSNe are rare because they are generally originated from very massive stars (minimum mass limit is more than 25 times to that of the Sun), and the number distribution of such massive stars in our galaxy or in nearby galaxies is sparse.

Among them, SLSNe-I has been counted to about 150 entities spectroscopically confirmed so far. These ancient objects are among the least understood SNe because their underlying sources are unclear, and their extremely high peak luminosity is unexplained, the ministry said.

SN 2020ank, which was first discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 19 January 2020 , was studied by scientists from Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) Nainital, an autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DST) Govt. of India from February 2020 and then through the lockdown phase of March and April, the ministry said.

The apparent look of the Supernova was very similar to other objects in the field. However, once the brightness was estimated, it turned out as a very blue object reflecting its brighter character.

The team observed it using special arrangements at India’s recently commissioned Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT-3.6m) along with two other Indian telescopes: Sampurnanand Telescope-1.04m and Himalayan Chandra Telescope-2.0m, it said.

They found that the outer layers of the onion structured Supernovae had been peeled off, and the core was shining with a borrowed energy source, the ministry added.

The study led by Amit Kumar, a PhD student working under Dr S B Pandey, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, suggested a possibly powering source from an exotic type of neutron star with an ultra-powerful magnetic field (magnetar) with a total ejected mass of ~ 3.6-7.2 times the mass of the sun.

The study established the role of 3.6. DOT in exploring very rare distant SLSNe in the future. Deeper investigations could explore the underlying physical mechanisms, possible progenitors, and environments hosting such rare explosions and their possible associations with other energetic explosions like Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), the ministry said.